Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
InstrumentsThe Sources of Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale was developed and tested with college and high school students. The college data supported a four-factor structure (performance, vicarious learning, social persuasion, emotional arousal). The high school data fit a five-factor model (performance, adult modeling, peer modeling, social persuasion, emotional arousal).The Sources of Science Self-Efficacy Scale was adapted from the mathematics scale and was used with middle school students. It consists of four subscales measuring the effects of mastery experiences (eight items; sample: ‘‘I got a good